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The Ridda wars (Arabic: حروب الردة), also known as the Wars of Apostasy, were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633 AD, just after Muhammad died.〔Laura V. Vaglieri in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.58〕 The rebels' position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet of God, but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Some rebels followed either Tulayha or Musaylima or Sajjah, all of whom claimed prophethood. Most of the tribes were defeated and reintegrated into the Caliphate. The peoples surrounding Mecca did not revolt. ==Prelude== In about the middle of May 632, Muhammad, now ailing, ordered a large expedition to be prepared against the Byzantine empire in order to avenge the martyrs of battle of Mu'tah. 3000 Muslims were to join it. Usama ibn Zaid, a young man and son of Zayd ibn Harithah who was killed in the battle at Mu'tah, was appointed as commander of this force so he could avenge the death of his father.〔Ibn Sad: p. 707〕〔https://books.google.com/books?id=czSP046th6IC&pg=PA65&dq=usama+byzantine+ibn+sa%27d&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EWNWVYq9Ccj38QXUi4GgAg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&f=false〕〔https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA187&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q2VWVaCAPMfe8AWHx4HQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&f=false〕 However, Muhammad died in June 632 and Abu Bakr elected as Caliph by a small group called the Ansar. On the first day of his caliphate, Abu Bakr ordered the army of Usama to prepare for march. Abu Bakr was under great pressure regarding this expedition due to rising rebellion and apostasy across Arabia, but he was determined.〔Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 461.〕 Before his march, Usama sent Umar to Caliph Abu Bakr and is reported to have said:However, Abu Bakr refused. He was moved to this decision at least partially by his desire to carry out the unfulfilled military plan of Muhammad. On June 26, 632 the army of Usama broke camp and moved out. After leaving Medina, Usama had marched to Tabuk. Most of the tribes in this region opposed him fiercely but were defeated by Abu Bakr's army. Usama raided far and wide in the region of Northern Arabia, starting with the Quza'a, and then made his way to Dawmatu l-Jandal (modern Al Jawf, Saudi Arabia). As a direct result of his operations, several rebel tribes resubmitted to Madinian rule and claimed that they re-accepted Islam. The Quza'a remained rebellious and unrepentant, however 'Amr ibn al-'As later attacked them and forced them to surrender again.〔 Usama next marched to Mu'tah, attacked the Christian Arabs of the tribes of Banu Kalb and Ghassanids in a small battle. Then he returned to Medina, bringing with him a large number of captives and a considerable amount of wealth, part of which comprised the spoils of war and part taxation of the re-conquered tribes. The Islamic army remained out of Medina for 40 days. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ridda wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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